KEGG   PATHWAY: map02020
Entry
map02020                    Pathway                                
Name
Two-component system
Description
Two-component signal transduction systems enable bacteria to sense, respond, and adapt to changes in their environment or in their intracellular state. Each two-component system consists of a sensor protein-histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR). In the prototypical two-component pathway, the sensor HK phosphorylates its own conserved His residue in response to a signal(s) in the environment. Subsequently, the phosphoryl group of HK is transferred onto a specific Asp residue on the RR. The activated RR can then effect changes in cellular physiology, often by regulating gene expression. Two-component pathways thus often enable cells to sense and respond to stimuli by inducing changes in transcription.
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
Pathway map
map02020  Two-component system
map02020

Module
M00651  Vancomycin resistance, D-Ala-D-Lac type [PATH:map02020]
M00652  Vancomycin resistance, D-Ala-D-Ser type [PATH:map02020]
Other DBs
GO: 0000160
Reference
  Authors
Yamamoto K, Hirao K, Oshima T, Aiba H, Utsumi R, Ishihama A.
  Title
Functional characterization in vitro of all two-component signal transduction systems from Escherichia coli.
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J Biol Chem 280:1448-56 (2005)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M410104200
Reference
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Abdel-Fattah WR, Chen Y, Eldakak A, Hulett FM.
  Title
Bacillus subtilis phosphorylated PhoP: direct activation of the E(sigma)A- and repression of the E(sigma)E-responsive phoB-PS+V promoters during pho response.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 187:5166-78 (2005)
DOI:10.1128/JB.187.15.5166-5178.2005
Reference
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Navarre WW, Halsey TA, Walthers D, Frye J, McClelland M, Potter JL, Kenney LJ, Gunn JS, Fang FC, Libby SJ.
  Title
Co-regulation of Salmonella enterica genes required for virulence and resistance to antimicrobial peptides by SlyA and PhoP/PhoQ.
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Mol Microbiol 56:492-508 (2005)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04553.x
Reference
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Cai SJ, Inouye M.
  Title
EnvZ-OmpR interaction and osmoregulation in Escherichia coli.
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J Biol Chem 277:24155-61 (2002)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M110715200
Reference
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Batchelor E, Walthers D, Kenney LJ, Goulian M.
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The Escherichia coli CpxA-CpxR envelope stress response system regulates expression of the porins ompF and ompC.
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J Bacteriol 187:5723-31 (2005)
DOI:10.1128/JB.187.16.5723-5731.2005
Reference
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Nagakubo S, Nishino K, Hirata T, Yamaguchi A.
  Title
The putative response regulator BaeR stimulates multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli via a novel multidrug exporter system, MdtABC.
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J Bacteriol 184:4161-7 (2002)
DOI:10.1128/JB.184.15.4161-4167.2002
Reference
  Authors
Hagiwara D, Yamashino T, Mizuno T.
  Title
A Genome-wide view of the Escherichia coli BasS-BasR two-component system implicated in iron-responses.
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Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68:1758-67 (2004)
DOI:10.1271/bbb.68.1758
Reference
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Munson GP, Lam DL, Outten FW, O'Halloran TV.
  Title
Identification of a copper-responsive two-component system on the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12.
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J Bacteriol 182:5864-71 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/JB.182.20.5864-5871.2000
Reference
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Sperandio V, Torres AG, Kaper JB.
  Title
Quorum sensing Escherichia coli regulators B and C (QseBC): a novel two-component regulatory system involved in the regulation of flagella and motility by quorum sensing in E. coli.
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Mol Microbiol 43:809-21 (2002)
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02803.x
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Epstein W.
  Title
The roles and regulation of potassium in bacteria.
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Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 75:293-320 (2003)
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Ansaldi M, Simon G, Lepelletier M, Mejean V.
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The TorR high-affinity binding site plays a key role in both torR autoregulation and torCAD operon expression in Escherichia coli.
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J Bacteriol 182:961-6 (2000)
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Malpica R, Franco B, Rodriguez C, Kwon O, Georgellis D.
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Identification of a quinone-sensitive redox switch in the ArcB sensor kinase.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:13318-23 (2004)
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PMID:2666399
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Genetic regulation of the tricarboxylate transport operon (tctI) of Salmonella typhimurium.
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J Bacteriol 171:4436-41 (1989)
DOI:10.1128/JB.171.8.4436-4441.1989
Reference
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Hyyrylainen HL, Bolhuis A, Darmon E, Muukkonen L, Koski P, Vitikainen M, Sarvas M, Pragai Z, Bron S, van Dijl JM, Kontinen VP.
  Title
A novel two-component regulatory system in Bacillus subtilis for the survival of severe secretion stress.
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Mol Microbiol 41:1159-72 (2001)
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02576.x
Reference
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Zhang X, Hulett FM.
  Title
ResD signal transduction regulator of aerobic respiration in Bacillus subtilis: ctaA promoter regulation.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 37:1208-19 (2000)
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02076.x
Reference
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Senadheera MD, Guggenheim B, Spatafora GA, Huang YC, Choi J, Hung DC, Treglown JS, Goodman SD, Ellen RP, Cvitkovitch DG.
  Title
A VicRK signal transduction system in Streptococcus mutans affects gtfBCD, gbpB, and ftf expression, biofilm formation, and genetic competence development.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 187:4064-76 (2005)
DOI:10.1128/JB.187.12.4064-4076.2005
Reference
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He H, Zahrt TC.
  Title
Identification and characterization of a regulatory sequence recognized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence regulator MprA.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 187:202-12 (2005)
DOI:10.1128/JB.187.1.202-212.2005
Reference
  Authors
Hutchings MI
  Title
Unusual two-component signal transduction pathways in the actinobacteria.
  Journal
Adv Appl Microbiol 61:1-26 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/S0065-2164(06)61001-0
Reference
  Authors
Kramer R
  Title
Osmosensing and osmosignaling in Corynebacterium glutamicum.
  Journal
Amino Acids 37:487-97 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/s00726-009-0271-6
Reference
PMID:7751278
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Eraso JM, Kaplan S.
  Title
Oxygen-insensitive synthesis of the photosynthetic membranes of Rhodobacter sphaeroides: a mutant histidine kinase.
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J Bacteriol 177:2695-706 (1995)
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Reference
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Haydel SE, Dunlap NE, Benjamin WH Jr.
  Title
In vitro evidence of two-component system phosphorylation between the Mycobacterium tuberculosis TrcR/TrcS proteins.
  Journal
Microb Pathog 26:195-206 (1999)
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Reference
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In vivo effects of sporulation kinases on mutant Spo0A proteins in Bacillus subtilis.
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J Bacteriol 183:6573-8 (2001)
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Kaspar S, Bott M.
  Title
The sensor kinase CitA (DpiB) of Escherichia coli functions as a high-affinity citrate receptor.
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Arch Microbiol 177:313-21 (2002)
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Reference
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Janausch IG, Garcia-Moreno I, Unden G.
  Title
Function of DcuS from Escherichia coli as a fumarate-stimulated histidine protein kinase in vitro.
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J Biol Chem 277:39809-14 (2002)
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PMID:8550490
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Brunskill EW, Bayles KW.
  Title
Identification and molecular characterization of a putative regulatory locus that affects autolysis in Staphylococcus aureus.
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J Bacteriol 178:611-8 (1996)
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Reference
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Fujimoto DF, Brunskill EW, Bayles KW.
  Title
Analysis of genetic elements controlling Staphylococcus aureus lrgAB expression: potential role of DNA topology in SarA regulation.
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J Bacteriol 182:4822-8 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/JB.182.17.4822-4828.2000
Reference
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Dufour P, Jarraud S, Vandenesch F, Greenland T, Novick RP, Bes M, Etienne J, Lina G.
  Title
High genetic variability of the agr locus in Staphylococcus species.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 184:1180-6 (2002)
DOI:10.1128/JB.184.4.1180-1186.2002
Reference
PMID:8501030
  Authors
Rabin RS, Stewart V.
  Title
Dual response regulators (NarL and NarP) interact with dual sensors (NarX and NarQ) to control nitrate- and nitrite-regulated gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 175:3259-68 (1993)
DOI:10.1128/JB.175.11.3259-3268.1993
Reference
PMID:9220011
  Authors
Chiang RC, Cavicchioli R, Gunsalus RP.
  Title
'Locked-on' and 'locked-off' signal transduction mutations in the periplasmic domain of the Escherichia coli NarQ and NarX sensors affect nitrate- and nitrite-dependent regulation by NarL and NarP.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 24:1049-60 (1997)
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4131779.x
Reference
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Verhamme DT, Postma PW, Crielaard W, Hellingwerf KJ.
  Title
Cooperativity in signal transfer through the Uhp system of Escherichia coli.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 184:4205-10 (2002)
DOI:10.1128/JB.184.15.4205-4210.2002
Reference
  Authors
Hagiwara D, Sugiura M, Oshima T, Mori H, Aiba H, Yamashino T, Mizuno T.
  Title
Genome-wide analyses revealing a signaling network of the RcsC-YojN-RcsB phosphorelay system in Escherichia coli.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 185:5735-46 (2003)
DOI:10.1128/JB.185.19.5735-5746.2003
Reference
  Authors
Hirakawa H, Nishino K, Yamada J, Hirata T, Yamaguchi A.
  Title
Beta-lactam resistance modulated by the overexpression of response regulators of two-component signal transduction systems in Escherichia coli.
  Journal
J Antimicrob Chemother 52:576-82 (2003)
DOI:10.1093/jac/dkg406
Reference
  Authors
Suzuki K, Wang X, Weilbacher T, Pernestig AK, Melefors O, Georgellis D, Babitzke P, Romeo T.
  Title
Regulatory circuitry of the CsrA/CsrB and BarA/UvrY systems of Escherichia coli.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 184:5130-40 (2002)
DOI:10.1128/JB.184.18.5130-5140.2002
Reference
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Kato A, Ohnishi H, Yamamoto K, Furuta E, Tanabe H, Utsumi R.
  Title
Transcription of emrKY is regulated by the EvgA-EvgS two-component system in Escherichia coli K-12.
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Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 64:1203-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1271/bbb.64.1203
Reference
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Ansaldi M, Dubnau D.
  Title
Diversifying selection at the Bacillus quorum-sensing locus and determinants of modification specificity during synthesis of the ComX pheromone.
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J Bacteriol 186:15-21 (2004)
DOI:10.1128/JB.186.1.15-21.2004
Reference
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Gabdrakhmanova L, Vishniakov I, Sharipova M, Balaban N, Kostrov S, Leshchinskaya I.
  Title
Salt stress induction of glutamyl endopeptidase biosynthesis in Bacillus intermedius.
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Microbiol Res 160:233-42 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.micres.2004.05.005
Reference
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Aguilar PS, Hernandez-Arriaga AM, Cybulski LE, Erazo AC, de Mendoza D.
  Title
Molecular basis of thermosensing: a two-component signal transduction thermometer in Bacillus subtilis.
  Journal
EMBO J 20:1681-91 (2001)
DOI:10.1093/emboj/20.7.1681
Reference
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Kuroda M, Kuroda H, Oshima T, Takeuchi F, Mori H, Hiramatsu K.
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Two-component system VraSR positively modulates the regulation of cell-wall biosynthesis pathway in Staphylococcus aureus.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 49:807-21 (2003)
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03599.x
Reference
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Saini DK, Malhotra V, Dey D, Pant N, Das TK, Tyagi JS.
  Title
DevR-DevS is a bona fide two-component system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is hypoxia-responsive in the absence of the DNA-binding domain of DevR.
  Journal
Microbiology 150:865-75 (2004)
DOI:10.1099/mic.0.26218-0
Reference
  Authors
Fedtke I, Kamps A, Krismer B, Gotz F.
  Title
The nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase operons and the narT gene of Staphylococcus carnosus are positively controlled by the novel two-component system NreBC.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 184:6624-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1128/JB.184.23.6624-6634.2002
Reference
PMID:8416895
  Authors
Shiau SP, Chen P, Reitzer LJ.
  Title
Effects of insertions and deletions in glnG (ntrC) of Escherichia coli on nitrogen regulator I-dependent DNA binding and transcriptional activation.
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J Bacteriol 175:190-9 (1993)
DOI:10.1128/JB.175.1.190-199.1993
Reference
  Authors
Leonhartsberger S, Huber A, Lottspeich F, Bock A.
  Title
The hydH/G Genes from Escherichia coli code for a zinc and lead responsive two-component regulatory system.
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J Mol Biol 307:93-105 (2001)
DOI:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4451
Reference
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  Title
The role of bacterial antizyme: From an inhibitory protein to AtoC transcriptional regulator.
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Microb Cell Fact 3:8 (2004)
DOI:10.1186/1475-2859-3-8
Reference
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Yamamoto K, Ishihama A
  Title
Transcriptional response of Escherichia coli to external copper.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 56:215-27 (2005)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04532.x
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Ashby MK, Mullineaux CW
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Cyanobacterial ycf27 gene products regulate energy transfer from phycobilisomes to photosystems I and II.
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FEMS Microbiol Lett 181:253-60 (1999)
DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08852.x
Reference
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Lopez-Maury L, Garcia-Dominguez M, Florencio FJ, Reyes JC
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A two-component signal transduction system involved in nickel sensing in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 43:247-56 (2002)
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02741.x
Reference
  Authors
Glover RT, Kriakov J, Garforth SJ, Baughn AD, Jacobs WR Jr
  Title
The two-component regulatory system senX3-regX3 regulates phosphate-dependent gene expression in Mycobacterium smegmatis.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 189:5495-503 (2007)
DOI:10.1128/JB.00190-07
Reference
  Authors
Hsiao HY, He Q, Van Waasbergen LG, Grossman AR
  Title
Control of photosynthetic and high-light-responsive genes by the histidine kinase DspA: negative and positive regulation and interactions between signal transduction pathways.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 186:3882-8 (2004)
DOI:10.1128/JB.186.12.3882-3888.2004
Reference
  Authors
Mutsuda M, Michel KP, Zhang X, Montgomery BL, Golden SS
  Title
Biochemical properties of CikA, an unusual phytochrome-like histidine protein kinase that resets the circadian clock in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 278:19102-10 (2003)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M213255200
Reference
PMID:9278513
  Authors
Yeh KC, Wu SH, Murphy JT, Lagarias JC
  Title
A cyanobacterial phytochrome two-component light sensory system.
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Science 277:1505-8 (1997)
DOI:10.1126/science.277.5331.1505
Reference
PMID:7635815
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Niu S, Jiang SQ, Hong J
  Title
Salmonella typhimurium pgtB mutants conferring constitutive expression of phosphoglycerate transporter pgtP independent of pgtC.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 177:4297-302 (1995)
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Reference
  Authors
Takai N, Nakajima M, Oyama T, Kito R, Sugita C, Sugita M, Kondo T, Iwasaki H
  Title
A KaiC-associating SasA-RpaA two-component regulatory system as a major circadian timing mediator in cyanobacteria.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:12109-14 (2006)
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Reference
  Authors
Janausch IG, Zientz E, Tran QH, Kroger A, Unden G
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C4-dicarboxylate carriers and sensors in bacteria.
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Biochim Biophys Acta 1553:39-56 (2002)
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Zhou YF, Nan B, Nan J, Ma Q, Panjikar S, Liang YH, Wang Y, Su XD
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C4-dicarboxylates sensing mechanism revealed by the crystal structures of DctB sensor domain.
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J Mol Biol 383:49-61 (2008)
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Reference
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The staphylococcal saeRS system coordinates environmental signals with agr quorum sensing.
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Microbiology 149:2709-17 (2003)
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The NtrC family regulator AlgB, which controls alginate biosynthesis in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, binds directly to the algD promoter.
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J Bacteriol 190:581-9 (2008)
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Paul R, Jaeger T, Abel S, Wiederkehr I, Folcher M, Biondi EG, Laub MT, Jenal U
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Allosteric regulation of histidine kinases by their cognate response regulator determines cell fate.
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Cell 133:452-61 (2008)
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Characterization of a complex chemosensory signal transduction system which controls twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Mol Microbiol 52:873-93 (2004)
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Yoshihara S, Ikeuchi M.
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Phototactic motility in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
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Photochem Photobiol Sci 3:512-8 (2004)
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Ogawa T, Bao DH, Katoh H, Shibata M, Pakrasi HB, Bhattacharyya-Pakrasi M
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A two-component signal transduction pathway regulates manganese homeostasis in Synechocystis 6803, a photosynthetic organism.
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J Biol Chem 277:28981-6 (2002)
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Yamaguchi K, Suzuki I, Yamamoto H, Lyukevich A, Bodrova I, Los DA, Piven I, Zinchenko V, Kanehisa M, Murata N
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A two-component Mn2+-sensing system negatively regulates expression of the mntCAB operon in Synechocystis.
  Journal
Plant Cell 14:2901-13 (2002)
DOI:10.1105/tpc.006262
Reference
  Authors
Mascher T, Zimmer SL, Smith TA, Helmann JD
  Title
Antibiotic-inducible promoter regulated by the cell envelope stress-sensing two-component system LiaRS of Bacillus subtilis.
  Journal
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:2888-96 (2004)
DOI:10.1128/AAC.48.8.2888-2896.2004
Reference
  Authors
Hyyrylainen HL, Sarvas M, Kontinen VP
  Title
Transcriptome analysis of the secretion stress response of Bacillus subtilis.
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Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 67:389-96 (2005)
DOI:10.1007/s00253-005-1898-1
Reference
  Authors
Serizawa M, Sekiguchi J
  Title
The Bacillus subtilis YdfHI two-component system regulates the transcription of ydfJ, a member of the RND superfamily.
  Journal
Microbiology 151:1769-78 (2005)
DOI:10.1099/mic.0.27619-0
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Ohki R, Giyanto, Tateno K, Masuyama W, Moriya S, Kobayashi K, Ogasawara N
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The BceRS two-component regulatory system induces expression of the bacitracin transporter, BceAB, in Bacillus subtilis.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 49:1135-44 (2003)
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03653.x
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Ogura M, Tsukahara K, Hayashi K, Tanaka T
  Title
The Bacillus subtilis NatK-NatR two-component system regulates expression of the natAB operon encoding an ABC transporter for sodium ion extrusion.
  Journal
Microbiology 153:667-75 (2007)
DOI:10.1099/mic.0.2006/003673-0
Reference
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Yamamoto H, Murata M, Sekiguchi J
  Title
The CitST two-component system regulates the expression of the Mg-citrate transporter in Bacillus subtilis.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 37:898-912 (2000)
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02055.x
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Satomura T, Shimura D, Asai K, Sadaie Y, Hirooka K, Fujita Y
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Enhancement of glutamine utilization in Bacillus subtilis through the GlnK-GlnL two-component regulatory system.
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J Bacteriol 187:4813-21 (2005)
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Doan T, Servant P, Tojo S, Yamaguchi H, Lerondel G, Yoshida K, Fujita Y, Aymerich S
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The Bacillus subtilis ywkA gene encodes a malic enzyme and its transcription is activated by the YufL/YufM two-component system in response to malate.
  Journal
Microbiology 149:2331-43 (2003)
DOI:10.1099/mic.0.26256-0
Reference
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Tanaka K, Kobayashi K, Ogasawara N
  Title
The Bacillus subtilis YufLM two-component system regulates the expression of the malate transporters MaeN (YufR) and YflS, and is essential for utilization of malate in minimal medium.
  Journal
Microbiology 149:2317-29 (2003)
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Asai K, Baik SH, Kasahara Y, Moriya S, Ogasawara N
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Regulation of the transport system for C4-dicarboxylic acids in Bacillus subtilis.
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Microbiology 146 ( Pt 2):263-71 (2000)
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Reference
PMID:8455557
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Hamblin MJ, Shaw JG, Kelly DJ
  Title
Sequence analysis and interposon mutagenesis of a sensor-kinase (DctS) and response-regulator (DctR) controlling synthesis of the high-affinity C4-dicarboxylate transport system in Rhodobacter capsulatus.
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Mol Gen Genet 237:215-24 (1993)
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PMID:9287004
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Forward JA, Behrendt MC, Wyborn NR, Cross R, Kelly DJ
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TRAP transporters: a new family of periplasmic solute transport systems encoded by the dctPQM genes of Rhodobacter capsulatus and by homologs in diverse gram-negative bacteria.
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J Bacteriol 179:5482-93 (1997)
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Martin B, Quentin Y, Fichant G, Claverys JP
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Independent evolution of competence regulatory cascades in streptococci?
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Trends Microbiol 14:339-45 (2006)
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The genetic basis of tetrathionate respiration in Salmonella typhimurium.
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Mol Microbiol 32:275-87 (1999)
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Guvener ZT, Harwood CS
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Subcellular location characteristics of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa GGDEF protein, WspR, indicate that it produces cyclic-di-GMP in response to growth on surfaces.
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Mol Microbiol 66:1459-73 (2007)
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Bantinaki E, Kassen R, Knight CG, Robinson Z, Spiers AJ, Rainey PB
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Adaptive divergence in experimental populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. III. Mutational origins of wrinkly spreader diversity.
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Genetics 176:441-53 (2007)
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Multiple histidine kinases regulate entry into stationary phase and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.
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Mol Microbiol 38:535-42 (2000)
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Res Microbiol 160:687-95 (2009)
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Curr Opin Microbiol 12:152-60 (2009)
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Cross-talk towards the response regulator NtrC controlling nitrogen metabolism in Rhodobacter capsulatus.
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FEMS Microbiol Lett 258:250-6 (2006)
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Annu Rev Phytopathol 46:243-71 (2008)
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Diversification of the function of cell-to-cell signaling in regulation of virulence within plant pathogenic xanthomonads.
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Sci Signal 1:pe23 (2008)
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Characterization of a putative Xylella fastidiosa diffusible signal factor by HRGC-EI-MS.
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J Mass Spectrom 42:1375-81 (2007)
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Adv Appl Microbiol 66:53-75 (2009)
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Related
pathway
map00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
map00195  Photosynthesis
map00550  Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
map00910  Nitrogen metabolism
map02030  Bacterial chemotaxis
map02040  Flagellar assembly
map03070  Bacterial secretion system
map04011  MAPK signaling pathway - yeast
map04112  Cell cycle - Caulobacter
KO pathway
ko02020   
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