KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa04922
Entry
hsa04922                    Pathway                                
Name
Glucagon signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Glucagon is conventionally regarded as a counterregulatory hormone for insulin and plays a critical anti-hypoglycemic role by maintaining glucose homeostasis in both animals and humans. To increase blood glucose, glucagon promotes hepatic glucose output by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and by decreasing glycogenesis and glycolysis in a concerted fashion via multiple mechanisms. Glucagon also stimulates hepatic mitochondrial beta-oxidation to supply energy for glucose production. Glucagon performs its main effect via activation of adenylate cyclase. The adenylate-cyclase-derived cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which then phosphorylates downstream targets, such as cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and the bifunctional enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/ fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (one of the isoforms being PFK/FBPase 1, encoded by PFKFB1).
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
hsa04922  Glucagon signaling pathway
hsa04922

Drug
D00116  Glucagon (genetical recombination) (JP18)
D01238  Bucladesine sodium (JAN)
D01274  Tesaglitazar (JAN/USAN/INN)
D01896  Cilostazol (JP18/USP/INN)
D02118  Glucagon hydrochloride
D04537  Ingliforib (USAN/INN)
D05091  Muraglitazar (USAN/INN)
D06102  Theofibrate (USAN)
D07546  Bucladesine (INN)
D08845  Aleglitazar (USAN)
D08949  Naveglitazar (USAN/INN)
D09350  Indeglitazar (USAN)
D11230  Crotedumab (USAN/INN)
D11359  Dasiglucagon (USAN)
D11614  Volagidemab (USAN/INN)
D11640  Firsocostat (USAN/INN)
D11902  Clesacostat (USAN)
D11903  Clesacostat tromethamine (USAN)
D12225  Mazdutide (USAN)
D12314  Dasiglucagon hydrochloride
D12430  Retatrutide (USAN)
D12484  Carfloglitazar (INN)
D12861  Pemvidutide (USAN/INN)
D12898  Survodutide (USAN/INN)
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
207  AKT1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
208  AKT2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
10000  AKT3; AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
5140  PDE3B; phosphodiesterase 3B [KO:K13296] [EC:3.1.4.17]
2641  GCG; glucagon [KO:K05259]
2642  GCGR; glucagon receptor [KO:K04583]
2778  GNAS; GNAS complex locus [KO:K04632]
108  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
5566  PRKACA; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
5567  PRKACB; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
5568  PRKACG; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
1385  CREB1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 [KO:K05870]
1386  ATF2; activating transcription factor 2 [KO:K04450]
468  ATF4; activating transcription factor 4 [KO:K04374]
10488  CREB3; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
90993  CREB3L1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 1 [KO:K09048]
64764  CREB3L2; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 2 [KO:K09048]
84699  CREB3L3; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 3 [KO:K09048]
148327  CREB3L4; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 4 [KO:K09048]
9586  CREB5; cAMP responsive element binding protein 5 [KO:K09047]
55671  PPP4R3A; protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit 3A [KO:K17491]
57223  PPP4R3B; protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit 3B [KO:K17491]
139420  PPP4R3C; protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit 3C [KO:K17491]
5531  PPP4C; protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit [KO:K15423] [EC:3.1.3.16]
200186  CRTC2; CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2 [KO:K16333]
23235  SIK2; salt inducible kinase 2 [KO:K16311] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1387  CREBBP; CREB binding protein [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
2033  EP300; E1A binding protein p300 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
10891  PPARGC1A; PPARG coactivator 1 alpha [KO:K07202]
102724428  SIK; salt inducible kinase 1B (putative) [KO:K19008] [EC:2.7.11.1]
150094  SIK1; salt inducible kinase 1 [KO:K19008] [EC:2.7.11.1]
2776  GNAQ; G protein subunit alpha q [KO:K04634]
23236  PLCB1; phospholipase C beta 1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5330  PLCB2; phospholipase C beta 2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5331  PLCB3; phospholipase C beta 3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5332  PLCB4; phospholipase C beta 4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
3708  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
3709  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
3710  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
5530  PPP3CA; protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
5532  PPP3CB; protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
5533  PPP3CC; protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
5534  PPP3R1; protein phosphatase 3 regulatory subunit B, alpha [KO:K06268]
5535  PPP3R2; protein phosphatase 3 regulatory subunit B, beta [KO:K06268]
815  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
817  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II delta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
816  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
818  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II gamma [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
2308  FOXO1; forkhead box O1 [KO:K07201]
23411  SIRT1; sirtuin 1 [KO:K11411] [EC:2.3.1.286]
5465  PPARA; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha [KO:K07294]
3276  PRMT1; protein arginine methyltransferase 1 [KO:K11434] [EC:2.1.1.319]
2538  G6PC1; glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 [KO:K01084] [EC:3.1.3.9]
57818  G6PC2; glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 2 [KO:K01084] [EC:3.1.3.9]
92579  G6PC3; glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 [KO:K01084] [EC:3.1.3.9]
5105  PCK1; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 [KO:K01596] [EC:4.1.1.32]
5106  PCK2; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2, mitochondrial [KO:K01596] [EC:4.1.1.32]
1374  CPT1A; carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A [KO:K08765] [EC:2.3.1.21]
1375  CPT1B; carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B [KO:K19523] [EC:2.3.1.21]
126129  CPT1C; carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C [KO:K19524] [EC:2.3.1.21]
2998  GYS2; glycogen synthase 2 [KO:K00693] [EC:2.4.1.11]
2997  GYS1; glycogen synthase 1 [KO:K00693] [EC:2.4.1.11]
5257  PHKB; phosphorylase kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K07190]
5256  PHKA2; phosphorylase kinase regulatory subunit alpha 2 [KO:K07190]
5255  PHKA1; phosphorylase kinase regulatory subunit alpha 1 [KO:K07190]
5260  PHKG1; phosphorylase kinase catalytic subunit gamma 1 [KO:K00871] [EC:2.7.11.19]
5261  PHKG2; phosphorylase kinase catalytic subunit gamma 2 [KO:K00871] [EC:2.7.11.19]
810  CALML3; calmodulin like 3 [KO:K02183]
805  CALM2; calmodulin 2 [KO:K02183]
808  CALM3; calmodulin 3 [KO:K02183]
801  CALM1; calmodulin 1 [KO:K02183]
163688  CALML6; calmodulin like 6 [KO:K02183]
51806  CALML5; calmodulin like 5 [KO:K02183]
91860  CALML4; calmodulin like 4 [KO:K02183]
5836  PYGL; glycogen phosphorylase L [KO:K00688] [EC:2.4.1.1]
5837  PYGM; glycogen phosphorylase, muscle associated [KO:K00688] [EC:2.4.1.1]
5834  PYGB; glycogen phosphorylase B [KO:K00688] [EC:2.4.1.1]
5207  PFKFB1; 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 1 [KO:K19028] [EC:2.7.1.105 3.1.3.46]
5562  PRKAA1; protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
5563  PRKAA2; protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
5564  PRKAB1; protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1 [KO:K07199]
5565  PRKAB2; protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 2 [KO:K07199]
5571  PRKAG1; protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 1 [KO:K07200]
53632  PRKAG3; protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 3 [KO:K07200]
51422  PRKAG2; protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 2 [KO:K07200]
31  ACACA; acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha [KO:K11262] [EC:6.4.1.2 6.3.4.14 2.1.3.15]
32  ACACB; acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta [KO:K01946] [EC:6.4.1.2 6.3.4.14 2.1.3.15]
6513  SLC2A1; solute carrier family 2 member 1 [KO:K07299]
6514  SLC2A2; solute carrier family 2 member 2 [KO:K07593]
2645  GCK; glucokinase [KO:K12407] [EC:2.7.1.2]
2203  FBP1; fructose-bisphosphatase 1 [KO:K03841] [EC:3.1.3.11]
8789  FBP2; fructose-bisphosphatase 2 [KO:K03841] [EC:3.1.3.11]
5213  PFKM; phosphofructokinase, muscle [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11]
5214  PFKP; phosphofructokinase, platelet [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11]
5211  PFKL; phosphofructokinase, liver type [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11]
5223  PGAM1; phosphoglycerate mutase 1 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
5224  PGAM2; phosphoglycerate mutase 2 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
441531  PGAM4; phosphoglycerate mutase family member 4 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
5315  PKM; pyruvate kinase M1/2 [KO:K00873] [EC:2.7.1.40]
5161  PDHA2; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 2 [KO:K00161] [EC:1.2.4.1]
5160  PDHA1; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 1 [KO:K00161] [EC:1.2.4.1]
5162  PDHB; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta [KO:K00162] [EC:1.2.4.1]
160287  LDHAL6A; lactate dehydrogenase A like 6A [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
92483  LDHAL6B; lactate dehydrogenase A like 6B [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
3939  LDHA; lactate dehydrogenase A [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
3945  LDHB; lactate dehydrogenase B [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
3948  LDHC; lactate dehydrogenase C [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
Compound
C00022  Pyruvate
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00026  2-Oxoglutarate
C00031  D-Glucose
C00036  Oxaloacetate
C00040  Acyl-CoA
C00042  Succinate
C00074  Phosphoenolpyruvate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00083  Malonyl-CoA
C00085  D-Fructose 6-phosphate
C00103  D-Glucose 1-phosphate
C00122  Fumarate
C00149  (S)-Malate
C00158  Citrate
C00182  Glycogen
C00186  (S)-Lactate
C00197  3-Phospho-D-glycerate
C00311  Isocitrate
C00354  D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00631  2-Phospho-D-glycerate
C00665  beta-D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
C00668  alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate
C01172  beta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:12626323
  Authors
Jiang G, Zhang BB
  Title
Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284:E671-8 (2003)
DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00492.2002
Reference
PMID:24692138
  Authors
Rui L
  Title
Energy metabolism in the liver.
  Journal
Compr Physiol 4:177-97 (2014)
DOI:10.1002/cphy.c130024
Reference
PMID:22004992
  Authors
Jitrapakdee S
  Title
Transcription factors and coactivators controlling nutrient and hormonal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 44:33-45 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.001
Reference
PMID:16601267
  Authors
Desvergne B, Michalik L, Wahli W.
  Title
Transcriptional regulation of metabolism.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 86:465-514 (2006)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00025.2005
Reference
PMID:22550228
  Authors
Hardie DG
  Title
Organismal carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis.
  Journal
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4:a006031 (2012)
DOI:10.1101/cshperspect.a006031
Reference
PMID:22796337
  Authors
Hasenour CM, Berglund ED, Wasserman DH
  Title
Emerging role of AMP-activated protein kinase in endocrine control of metabolism in the liver.
  Journal
Mol Cell Endocrinol 366:152-62 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.018
Reference
PMID:18669612
  Authors
Quesada I, Tuduri E, Ripoll C, Nadal A
  Title
Physiology of the pancreatic alpha-cell and glucagon secretion: role in glucose homeostasis and diabetes.
  Journal
J Endocrinol 199:5-19 (2008)
DOI:10.1677/JOE-08-0290
Reference
PMID:24238363
  Authors
Oh KJ, Han HS, Kim MJ, Koo SH
  Title
CREB and FoxO1: two transcription factors for the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis.
  Journal
BMB Rep 46:567-74 (2013)
DOI:10.5483/BMBRep.2013.46.12.248
Reference
PMID:16479585
  Authors
Cheng A, Saltiel AR
  Title
More TORC for the gluconeogenic engine.
  Journal
Bioessays 28:231-4 (2006)
DOI:10.1002/bies.20375
Reference
PMID:21346730
  Authors
Altarejos JY, Montminy M
  Title
CREB and the CRTC co-activators: sensors for hormonal and metabolic signals.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 12:141-51 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/nrm3072
Reference
PMID:24393785
  Authors
Pernicova I, Korbonits M
  Title
Metformin--mode of action and clinical implications for diabetes and cancer.
  Journal
Nat Rev Endocrinol 10:143-56 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/nrendo.2013.256
Reference
PMID:20735177
  Authors
Hirota K, Fukamizu A
  Title
Transcriptional regulation of energy metabolism in the liver.
  Journal
J Recept Signal Transduct Res 30:403-9 (2010)
DOI:10.3109/10799893.2010.509730
Reference
PMID:21941300
  Authors
Chalkiadaki A, Guarente L
  Title
Metabolic signals regulate SIRT1 expression.
  Journal
EMBO Rep 12:985-6 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/embor.2011.179
Reference
PMID:22249520
  Authors
Chalkiadaki A, Guarente L
  Title
Sirtuins mediate mammalian metabolic responses to nutrient availability.
  Journal
Nat Rev Endocrinol 8:287-96 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/nrendo.2011.225
Reference
PMID:19912989
  Authors
Tang BL, Chua CE
  Title
Is systemic activation of Sirt1 beneficial for ageing-associated metabolic disorders?
  Journal
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 391:6-10 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.016
Reference
PMID:22503562
  Authors
Ozcan L, Wong CC, Li G, Xu T, Pajvani U, Park SK, Wronska A, Chen BX, Marks AR, Fukamizu A, Backs J, Singer HA, Yates JR 3rd, Accili D, Tabas I
  Title
Calcium signaling through CaMKII regulates hepatic glucose production in fasting and obesity.
  Journal
Cell Metab 15:739-51 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.03.002
Reference
PMID:22495310
  Authors
Wang Y, Li G, Goode J, Paz JC, Ouyang K, Screaton R, Fischer WH, Chen J, Tabas I, Montminy M
  Title
Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis in fasting and diabetes.
  Journal
Nature 485:128-32 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/nature10988
Related
pathway
hsa00010  Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
hsa00020  Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
hsa00061  Fatty acid biosynthesis
hsa00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
hsa04020  Calcium signaling pathway
hsa04024  cAMP signaling pathway
hsa04068  FoxO signaling pathway
hsa04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04922   
LinkDB

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