Entry
Name
Diabetic cardiomyopathy - Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque)
Description
Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been defined as left ventricular dysfunction that occurs among patients with diabetes mellitus independent of a recognized cause such as coronary artery disease or hypertension. The pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy broadly involves hyperglycemia, increased circulating fatty acids, and insulin resistance contributing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired calcium metabolism, Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) activation, and altered substrate metabolism. These effects result in cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte death, contractile dysfunction, endothelial cell damage and eventually heart failure. In the process of cardiac fibrosis, cardiac fibroblasts are the final effector cell.
Class
Human Diseases; Cardiovascular disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque) [GN:
mni ]
Gene
105494864 SLC2A1; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 [KO:K07299 ]
105473329 SLC2A4; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4 [KO:K07191 ]
105465201 GFPT1; glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 1 isoform X1 [KO:K00820 ] [EC:2.6.1.16 ]
105486221 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X5 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
105466008 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
105466870 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
105494213 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
105482864 ATP2A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 [KO:K05853 ] [EC:7.2.2.10 ]
105497586 AGER; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform X1 [KO:K19722 ]
105497946 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
105486337 NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X3 [KO:K02580 ]
105489798 PPARA; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha [KO:K07294 ]
105464006 PTPA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform X1 [KO:K17605 ]
105478978 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
105489973 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
105469947 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
105475205 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
105488082 PIK3R2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
105494953 PIK3R3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
105499943 MPC1L; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1-like protein [KO:K22138 ]
105464213 PDHA2; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, testis-specific form, mitochondrial [KO:K00161 ] [EC:1.2.4.1 ]
105478195 PDHA1; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial [KO:K00161 ] [EC:1.2.4.1 ]
105478880 NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial isoform X3 [KO:K03943 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
105472574 NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944 ]
105468400 NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
105467025 NDUFA2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
105497018 NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 isoform X3 [KO:K03947 ]
105474110 NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
112426545 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4-like [KO:K03948 ]
105475029 NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949 ]
105477409 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like isoform X1 [KO:K03949 ]
105464351 NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
105483089 NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951 ]
105487165 NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952 ]
105484157 NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03953 ]
105473801 NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954 ]
105478989 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956 ]
105484859 NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956 ]
105483684 NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352 ]
105497621 NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353 ]
105467540 NDUFB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
105471277 NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03958 ]
105468110 NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
112426670 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03959 ]
105470317 NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
105489967 NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03961 ]
105485641 NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962 ]
105497061 NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
105478395 NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
105468474 NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
105471449 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9-like [KO:K03965 ]
105485828 NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
105463793 NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
105483680 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial-like [KO:K11351 ]
105498205 NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
105471693 NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial [KO:K03936 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
105499367 NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937 ]
105494775 NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938 ]
105494941 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5-like [KO:K03938 ]
105463264 NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
105486180 NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
105469699 NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
105493267 NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
105468985 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
105483145 SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
105498215 SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00236 ]
105480281 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00236 ]
105493055 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00236 ]
105493610 SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237 ]
105494962 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00416 ]
105476209 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02263 ]
105496160 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02263 ]
105496797 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02263 ]
105473724 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02264 ]
105464914 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial [KO:K02270 ]
105495477 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270 ]
105499588 ATP5F1A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial [KO:K02132 ]
105494347 ATP5F1C; ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02136 ]
105463398 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02127 ]
105479212 ATP5PB; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial [KO:K02127 ]
105474261 ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
105483201 ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
105472333 ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
105472806 ATP5PF; ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02131 ]
105467147 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
105465993 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040 ]
105476522 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
105489370 SMAD2; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04500 ]
105488126 SMAD3; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 isoform X1 [KO:K23605 ]
105481530 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
105481533 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
105492354 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
Compound
C00043 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine
C00118 D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C00236 3-Phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate
C00352 D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C06156 alpha-D-Glucosamine 1-phosphate
C21011 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
Reference
Authors
Riehle C, Bauersachs J
Title
Of mice and men: models and mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lorenzo-Almoros A, Tunon J, Orejas M, Cortes M, Egido J, Lorenzo O
Title
Diagnostic approaches for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tan Y, Zhang Z, Zheng C, Wintergerst KA, Keller BB, Cai L
Title
Mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential therapeutic strategies: preclinical and clinical evidence.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zamora M, Villena JA
Title
Contribution of Impaired Insulin Signaling to the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Palomer X, Pizarro-Delgado J, Vazquez-Carrera M
Title
Emerging Actors in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Heartbreaker Biomarkers or Therapeutic Targets?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mishra PK, Ying W, Nandi SS, Bandyopadhyay GK, Patel KK, Mahata SK
Title
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Immunometabolic Perspective.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chong CR, Clarke K, Levelt E
Title
Metabolic Remodeling in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brownlee M
Title
Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gollmer J, Zirlik A, Bugger H
Title
Established and Emerging Mechanisms of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Boudina S, Abel ED
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Varma U, Koutsifeli P, Benson VL, Mellor KM, Delbridge LMD
Title
Molecular mechanisms of cardiac pathology in diabetes - Experimental insights.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mandavia CH, Aroor AR, Demarco VG, Sowers JR
Title
Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Falcao-Pires I, Leite-Moreira AF
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: understanding the molecular and cellular basis to progress in diagnosis and treatment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Westermeier F, Riquelme JA, Pavez M, Garrido V, Diaz A, Verdejo HE, Castro PF, Garcia L, Lavandero S
Title
New Molecular Insights of Insulin in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Randhawa VK, Dhanvantari S, Connelly K
Title
How Diabetes and Heart Failure Modulate Each Other and Condition Management.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Athithan L, Gulsin GS, McCann GP, Levelt E
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology, theories and evidence to date.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Murarka S, Movahed MR
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Thomas CM, Yong QC, Rosa RM, Seqqat R, Gopal S, Casarini DE, Jones WK, Gupta S, Baker KM, Kumar R
Title
Cardiac-specific suppression of NF-kappaB signaling prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brahma MK, Pepin ME, Wende AR
Title
My Sweetheart Is Broken: Role of Glucose in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Singh VP, Le B, Khode R, Baker KM, Kumar R
Title
Intracellular angiotensin II production in diabetic rats is correlated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cardiac fibrosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Singh VP, Baker KM, Kumar R
Title
Activation of the intracellular renin-angiotensin system in cardiac fibroblasts by high glucose: role in extracellular matrix production.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jia G, DeMarco VG, Sowers JR
Title
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kim JA, Wei Y, Sowers JR
Title
Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin resistance.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuniga FA
Title
Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Evangelista I, Nuti R, Picchioni T, Dotta F, Palazzuoli A
Title
Molecular Dysfunction and Phenotypic Derangement in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Joshi M, Kotha SR, Malireddy S, Selvaraju V, Satoskar AR, Palesty A, McFadden DW, Parinandi NL, Maulik N
Title
Conundrum of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy: role of vascular endothelial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Knapp M, Tu X, Wu R
Title
Vascular endothelial dysfunction, a major mediator in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Asbun J, Villarreal FJ
Title
The pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis in the setting of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Levick SP, Widiapradja A
Title
The Diabetic Cardiac Fibroblast: Mechanisms Underlying Phenotype and Function.
Journal
Related pathway
mni00520 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism
mni04933 AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
KO pathway
LinkDB
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